The Locus Coeruleus Modulates Intravenous General Anesthesia of Zebrafish via a Cooperative Mechanism
Published: 09-01-2018 In Publication
Highlights
- • Intravenous anesthetics induce general anesthesia in larval zebrafish
- • Impairment of the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine system affects anesthesia
- • Anesthetics suppress LC neuronal activities via pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms
- • Larval zebrafish is an ideal model for investigation of general anesthesia
Summary
How general anesthesia causes loss of consciousness has been a mystery for decades. It is generally thought that arousal-related brain nuclei, including the locus coeruleus (LC), are involved. Here, by monitoring locomotion behaviors and neural activities, we developed a larval zebrafish model for studying general anesthesia induced by propofol and etomidate, two commonly used intravenous anesthetics. Local lesion of LC neurons via two-photon laser-based ablation or genetic depletion of norepinephrine (NE; a neuromodulator released by LC neurons) via CRISPR/Cas9-based mutation of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (dbh) accelerates induction into and retards emergence from general anesthesia. Mechanistically, in vivo whole-cell recording revealed that both anesthetics suppress LC neurons’ activity through a cooperative mechanism, inhibiting presynaptic excitatory inputs and inducing GABAA receptor-mediated hyperpolarization of these neurons. Thus, our study indicates that the LC-NE system plays a modulatory role in both induction of and emergence from intravenous general anesthesia.